原子操作#

针对整数数据类型（int32、uint32、int64、uint64）我们还可以使用原子操作来保证并发安全，通常直接使用原子操作比使用锁操作效率更高。Go语言中原子操作由内置的标准库sync/atomic提供。

atomic包#

方法	解释
func LoadInt32(addr int32) (val int32) func LoadInt64(addr int64) (val int64) func LoadUint32(addr uint32) (val uint32) func LoadUint64(addr uint64) (val uint64) func LoadUintptr(addr uintptr) (val uintptr) func LoadPointer(addr unsafe.Pointer) (val unsafe.Pointer)	读取操作
func StoreInt32(addr int32, val int32) func StoreInt64(addr int64, val int64) func StoreUint32(addr uint32, val uint32) func StoreUint64(addr uint64, val uint64) func StoreUintptr(addr uintptr, val uintptr) func StorePointer(addr unsafe.Pointer, val unsafe.Pointer)	写入操作
func AddInt32(addr int32, delta int32) (new int32) func AddInt64(addr int64, delta int64) (new int64) func AddUint32(addr uint32, delta uint32) (new uint32) func AddUint64(addr uint64, delta uint64) (new uint64) func AddUintptr(addr *uintptr, delta uintptr) (new uintptr)	修改操作
func SwapInt32(addr int32, new int32) (old int32) func SwapInt64(addr int64, new int64) (old int64) func SwapUint32(addr uint32, new uint32) (old uint32) func SwapUint64(addr uint64, new uint64) (old uint64) func SwapUintptr(addr uintptr, new uintptr) (old uintptr) func SwapPointer(addr unsafe.Pointer, new unsafe.Pointer) (old unsafe.Pointer)	交换操作
func CompareAndSwapInt32(addr int32, old, new int32) (swapped bool) func CompareAndSwapInt64(addr int64, old, new int64) (swapped bool) func CompareAndSwapUint32(addr uint32, old, new uint32) (swapped bool) func CompareAndSwapUint64(addr uint64, old, new uint64) (swapped bool) func CompareAndSwapUintptr(addr uintptr, old, new uintptr) (swapped bool) func CompareAndSwapPointer(addr unsafe.Pointer, old, new unsafe.Pointer) (swapped bool)	比较并交换操作

示例#

我们填写一个示例来比较下互斥锁和原子操作的性能。

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"sync"
	"sync/atomic"
	"time"
)

type Counter interface {
	Inc()
	Load() int64
}

// 普通版
type CommonCounter struct {
	counter int64
}

func (c CommonCounter) Inc() {
	c.counter++
}

func (c CommonCounter) Load() int64 {
	return c.counter
}

// 互斥锁版
type MutexCounter struct {
	counter int64
	lock    sync.Mutex
}

func (m *MutexCounter) Inc() {
	m.lock.Lock()
	defer m.lock.Unlock()
	m.counter++
}

func (m *MutexCounter) Load() int64 {
	m.lock.Lock()
	defer m.lock.Unlock()
	return m.counter
}

// 原子操作版
type AtomicCounter struct {
	counter int64
}

func (a *AtomicCounter) Inc() {
	atomic.AddInt64(&a.counter, 1)
}

func (a *AtomicCounter) Load() int64 {
	return atomic.LoadInt64(&a.counter)
}

func test(c Counter) {
	var wg sync.WaitGroup
	start := time.Now()
	for i := 0; i < 1000; i++ {
		wg.Add(1)
		go func() {
			c.Inc()
			wg.Done()
		}()
	}
	wg.Wait()
	end := time.Now()
	fmt.Println(c.Load(), end.Sub(start))
}

func main() {
	c1 := CommonCounter{} // 非并发安全
	test(c1)
	c2 := MutexCounter{} // 使用互斥锁实现并发安全
	test(&c2)
	c3 := AtomicCounter{} // 并发安全且比互斥锁效率更高
	test(&c3)
}

atomic包提供了底层的原子级内存操作，对于同步算法的实现很有用。这些函数必须谨慎地保证正确使用。除了某些特殊的底层应用，使用通道或者 sync 包的函数/类型实现同步更好。